Ivan P. Pavlov
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?
He was studying the digestive system of mammals.
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.
The dog was brought food to measure salivation. Dog salivated before food arrived. Why? He was associating the noise as the food was brought with actual food.
3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.
3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.
Conditioned stimulus: the bell
Unconditioned stimulus: the food
Conditioned response: salivation
4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.
A gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR tendency. Extinction occurs from multiple presentations of CS without the US.
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.
A response to a specific stimulus becomes associated to other stimuli (similar stimuli) and occurs to those other similar stimuli.
6. Explain what stimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.
Learning to respond to one stimulus and not another.
7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.
-Pavlov had to re-route the dogs salivary glands surgically.
-To prove this was also applied to humans he had to test it on humans.
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.
Learning by association.
John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.
John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.
First when little Albert was 9 months old he was exposed to a white rat, rabbit, dog, monkey, masks with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspapers etc. Two months later when Albert was 11 months old he was placed in the middle of the room and exposed to a white rat that he was allowed to play with. While little Albert was joyfully playing with the rat Watson and his assistant made a loud noise by hitting a steel bar with a hammer. Little Albert was very scared after this.
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study
Conditioned stimulus: white rat
Unconditioned stimulus: loud noise
Conditioned response: crying
3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.
It was unethical, and it could never be tested on another person again.
4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.
The more frequent a stimulus and response to occur in association with each other, the stronger that habit will become
5. Explain Watson's law of recency.
The response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus.
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.
Watson said that psychology had not anything to do with the mind or human instead with the behavior , this way people could be studied objectively like lab rats.
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